

The bronze alloy is made by pure copper(red copper) after adding tin or plumbum alloys. Compared with pure copper (red copper), bronze has high strength and low melting point (25% tin bronze's melting point is 800℃).
The melting point of pure copper (red copper) is 1083℃.Bronze has good performance in casting, abrasion resistance and stability of chemical properties. Beryllium bronze, aluminum bronze, tin bronze and CuNi2Si bronze are popular alloy types of bronze.

| Copper Rods (Purple Copper) - Detailed Technical Specifications | ||||
| Common Copper Rod Grades, Standards, and Applications | ||||
| UNS No. | Designation | Standard | Key Characteristics | Typical Applications |
| C11000 | ETP (Electrolytic Tough-Pitch) | ASTM B5, B124, B187 | High conductivity (≥100% IACS annealed); Cu+Ag ≥ 99.90%; contains oxygen (≤0.04%); excellent electrical and thermal conductivity | Electrical bus bars, connectors, transformer components, general electrical applications |
| C10100 | OFE (Oxygen-Free Electronic) | ASTM B187 | Cu ≥ 99.99%; exceptionally high conductivity; no oxygen; suitable for critical electronic applications | High-end electronics, vacuum components, semiconductor manufacturing |
| C10200 | OF (Oxygen-Free) | ASTM B187 | Cu ≥ 99.95%; good conductivity; reduced embrittlement risk | Electrical applications requiring high purity |
| C12200 | DHP (Phosphorus-Deoxidized) | ASTM B124 | Cu ≥ 99.85%; P 0.013-0.040%; good weldability and corrosion resistance; conductivity ~79% IACS | Plumbing, heating systems, welded components, automotive brake lines |
| C10300 | Oxygen-Free Copper | ASTM B187 | Cu ≥ 99.95%; excellent mechanical properties; available in H04 temper with 310MPa tensile strength | Forging applications, high-strength electrical components |
| T1 / TU1 | Chinese Standard | GB/T 3952 | High purity; Cu ≥ 99.97%; oxygen content ≤ 0.040% | Electrical copper rods for wire drawing |
| T2 | Chinese Standard | GB/T 5231 | Cu+Ag ≥ 99.90%; similar to C11000; contains minor impurities (Bi≤0.001%, Sb≤0.002%, As≤0.002%, Fe≤0.005%) | General-purpose copper bars and rods |
| Dimensional Specifications for Copper Rods | ||||
| Shape | Diameter / Size Range (mm) | Length Range (mm) | Standard | Temper |
| Round Rod (Cold Drawn) | 5 – 80 | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | M (extruded), D (drawn) |
| Round Rod (Hot Extruded) | 80 – 140 | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | M (hot extruded) |
| Round Rod (General) | 6 – 200 | Up to 6000 | ASTM B187 | Soft, 1/4 Hard, 1/2 Hard, Hard |
| Square Rod (Cold Drawn) | 5 – 60 (across flats) | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | D (drawn) |
| Square Rod (Hot Extruded) | 60 – 100 (across flats) | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | M (hot extruded) |
| Rectangular Bar (Cold Drawn) | Width: 5 – 125; Thickness: 2.5 – 30 | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | D (drawn) |
| Rectangular Bar (Hot Extruded) | Width: 60 – 130; Thickness: 30 – 70 | Up to 6000 | EN 12165/13601 | M (hot extruded) |
| Round Rod (Chinese Standard) | 6.0 – 35.0 (hot rolled) / 6.0 – 12.0 (hard) | Variable | GB/T 3952 | R (hot rolled), Y (hard) |
| Electrical Properties of Copper Rods | ||||
| Grade | Temper | Electrical Conductivity (% IACS) | Volume Resistivity (Ω·mm²/m) max | Mass Resistivity (Ω·g/m²) |
| C11000 | Annealed | ≥ 100 | 0.01707 (T1) | 0.15176 (T1) |
| C11000 | Hard / 1/4H / 1/2H / 3/4H | ≥ 97 | / | / |
| T2 / TU2 | Various | / | 0.01724 | 0.15328 |
| C12200 | All | ~79 | / | / |
| TU2 (Oxygen-Free) | Various | / | 0.01777 | 0.15798 |


